Spitzer spectroscopy of carbon stars in the Small Magellanic Cloud
Identifieur interne : 000C30 ( Istex/Curation ); précédent : 000C29; suivant : 000C31Spitzer spectroscopy of carbon stars in the Small Magellanic Cloud
Auteurs : Eric Lagadec [Royaume-Uni] ; Albert A. Zijlstra [Royaume-Uni] ; G. C. Sloan [États-Unis] ; Mikako Matsuura [Royaume-Uni, Japon] ; Peter R. Wood [Australie] ; Jacco Th. Van Loon ; G. J. Harris [Royaume-Uni] ; J. A. D. L. Blommaert [Belgique] ; S. Hony [France] ; M. A. T. Groenewegen [Belgique] ; M. W. Feast [Afrique du Sud] ; P. A. Whitelock [Afrique du Sud] ; J. W. Menzies [Afrique du Sud] ; M.-R. Cioni [Royaume-Uni]Source :
- Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society [ 0035-8711 ] ; 2007-04-11.
Abstract
We present Spitzer Space Telescope spectroscopic observations of 14 carbon-rich asymptotic giant branch (AGB) stars in the Small Magellanic Cloud (SMC). SiC dust is seen in most of the carbon-rich stars but it is weak compared to Large Magellanic Cloud (LMC) stars. The SiC feature is strong only for stars with significant dust excess, opposite to what is observed for Galactic stars. We argue that in the SMC, SiC forms at lower temperature than graphite dust, whereas in the Galaxy SiC and graphite condensate at more comparable temperatures. Dust input into the interstellar medium by AGB stars consists mostly of carbonaceous dust, with little SiC or silicate dust. Only the two coolest stars show a 30-μm band due to MgS dust. We suggest that this is due to the fact that, in the SMC, mass-losing AGB stars generally have low circumstellar (dust) optical depth and therefore effective heating of dust by the central star does not allow temperatures below the 650 K necessary for MgS to exist as a solid. Gas phase C2H2 bands are stronger in the SMC than in the LMC or Galaxy. This is attributed to an increasing C/O ratio at low metallicity. We present a colour–colour diagram based on Spitzer InfraRed Array Camera (IRAC) and Multiband Imaging Photometer for Spitzer (MIPS) colours to discriminate between O- and C-rich stars. We show that AGB stars in the SMC become carbon stars early in the thermal-pulsing AGB evolution, and remain optically visible for ∼6 × 105 yr. For the LMC, this lifetime is ∼3 × 105 yr. The superwind phase traced with Spitzer lasts for ∼104 yr. Spitzer spectra of a K supergiant and a compact H ii region are also given.
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DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2966.2007.11517.x
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Eric Lagadec<affiliation><mods:affiliation></mods:affiliation><wicri:noCountry code="syntax">???</wicri:noCountry></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><mods:affiliation>E-mail: eric.lagadec@manchester.ac.uk</mods:affiliation><country wicri:rule="url">Royaume-Uni</country></affiliation><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Astrophysics Group, School of Physical & Geographical Sciences, Keele University, Staffordshire ST5 5BG</mods:affiliation><wicri:noCountry code="subField">5BG</wicri:noCountry></affiliation>Le document en format XML
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Zijlstra</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><mods:affiliation>University of Manchester, School of Physics & Astronomy, PO Box 88, Manchester M60 1QD</mods:affiliation><orgName type="university">Université de Manchester</orgName><country>Royaume-Uni</country><placeName><settlement type="city">Manchester</settlement><region type="nation">Angleterre</region><region nuts="2" type="region">Grand Manchester</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Sloan, G C" sort="Sloan, G C" uniqKey="Sloan G" first="G. C." last="Sloan">G. C. Sloan</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><mods:affiliation>Department of Astronomy, Cornell University, 108 Space Sciences Building, Ithaca, NY 14853-6801, USA</mods:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Astronomy, Cornell University, 108 Space Sciences Building, Ithaca, NY 14853-6801</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Matsuura, Mikako" sort="Matsuura, Mikako" uniqKey="Matsuura M" first="Mikako" last="Matsuura">Mikako Matsuura</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><mods:affiliation>University of Manchester, School of Physics & Astronomy, PO Box 88, Manchester M60 1QD</mods:affiliation><orgName type="university">Université de Manchester</orgName><country>Royaume-Uni</country><placeName><settlement type="city">Manchester</settlement><region type="nation">Angleterre</region><region nuts="2" type="region">Grand Manchester</region></placeName></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><mods:affiliation>Division of Optical and IR Astronomy, National Astronomical Observatory of Japan, Osawa 2-21-1, Mitaka, Tokyo 181-8588, Japan</mods:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Japon</country><wicri:regionArea>Division of Optical and IR Astronomy, National Astronomical Observatory of Japan, Osawa 2-21-1, Mitaka, Tokyo 181-8588</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Wood, Peter R" sort="Wood, Peter R" uniqKey="Wood P" first="Peter R." last="Wood">Peter R. 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Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200 D, B-3001 Leuven</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hony, S" sort="Hony, S" uniqKey="Hony S" first="S." last="Hony">S. Hony</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><mods:affiliation>CEA, DSM, DAPNIA, Service d'Astrophysique, C.E. Saclay, F-91191 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France</mods:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>CEA, DSM, DAPNIA, Service d'Astrophysique, C.E. Saclay, F-91191 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Groenewegen, M A T" sort="Groenewegen, M A T" uniqKey="Groenewegen M" first="M. A. T." last="Groenewegen">M. A. T. Groenewegen</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><mods:affiliation>Instituut voor Sterrenkunde, K.U. Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200 D, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium</mods:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Belgique</country><wicri:regionArea>Instituut voor Sterrenkunde, K.U. 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W." last="Menzies">J. W. Menzies</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><mods:affiliation>Department of Astronomy, University of Cape Town, 7701 Rondebosch, South Africa</mods:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Afrique du Sud</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Astronomy, University of Cape Town, 7701 Rondebosch</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Cioni, M R" sort="Cioni, M R" uniqKey="Cioni M" first="M.-R." last="Cioni">M.-R. Cioni</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><mods:affiliation>Institute for Astronomy, University of Edinburgh, Royal Observatory, Blackford Hill, Edinburgh EH9 3HJ</mods:affiliation><orgName type="university">Université d'Édimbourg</orgName><country>Royaume-Uni</country><placeName><settlement type="city">Édimbourg</settlement><region type="country">Écosse</region></placeName></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">ISTEX</idno><idno type="RBID">ISTEX:421C5A39481F5FCAF8C874F6094F6F64D6E79E12</idno><date when="2007" year="2007">2007</date><idno type="doi">10.1111/j.1365-2966.2007.11517.x</idno><idno type="url">https://api.istex.fr/document/421C5A39481F5FCAF8C874F6094F6F64D6E79E12/fulltext/pdf</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Istex/Corpus">000C30</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Istex" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="ISTEX">000C30</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Istex/Curation">000C30</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title level="a">Spitzer spectroscopy of carbon stars in the Small Magellanic Cloud</title><author><name sortKey="Lagadec, Eric" sort="Lagadec, Eric" uniqKey="Lagadec E" first="Eric" last="Lagadec">Eric Lagadec</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><mods:affiliation>University of Manchester, School of Physics & Astronomy, PO Box 88, Manchester M60 1QD</mods:affiliation><orgName type="university">Université de Manchester</orgName><country>Royaume-Uni</country><placeName><settlement type="city">Manchester</settlement><region type="nation">Angleterre</region><region nuts="2" type="region">Grand Manchester</region></placeName></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><mods:affiliation>E-mail: eric.lagadec@manchester.ac.uk</mods:affiliation><country wicri:rule="url">Royaume-Uni</country></affiliation><affiliation><mods:affiliation></mods:affiliation><wicri:noCountry code="syntax">???</wicri:noCountry></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><mods:affiliation>E-mail: eric.lagadec@manchester.ac.uk</mods:affiliation><country wicri:rule="url">Royaume-Uni</country></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Zijlstra, Albert A" sort="Zijlstra, Albert A" uniqKey="Zijlstra A" first="Albert A." last="Zijlstra">Albert A. Zijlstra</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><mods:affiliation>University of Manchester, School of Physics & Astronomy, PO Box 88, Manchester M60 1QD</mods:affiliation><orgName type="university">Université de Manchester</orgName><country>Royaume-Uni</country><placeName><settlement type="city">Manchester</settlement><region type="nation">Angleterre</region><region nuts="2" type="region">Grand Manchester</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Sloan, G C" sort="Sloan, G C" uniqKey="Sloan G" first="G. C." last="Sloan">G. C. Sloan</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><mods:affiliation>Department of Astronomy, Cornell University, 108 Space Sciences Building, Ithaca, NY 14853-6801, USA</mods:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Astronomy, Cornell University, 108 Space Sciences Building, Ithaca, NY 14853-6801</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Matsuura, Mikako" sort="Matsuura, Mikako" uniqKey="Matsuura M" first="Mikako" last="Matsuura">Mikako Matsuura</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><mods:affiliation>University of Manchester, School of Physics & Astronomy, PO Box 88, Manchester M60 1QD</mods:affiliation><orgName type="university">Université de Manchester</orgName><country>Royaume-Uni</country><placeName><settlement type="city">Manchester</settlement><region type="nation">Angleterre</region><region nuts="2" type="region">Grand Manchester</region></placeName></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><mods:affiliation>Division of Optical and IR Astronomy, National Astronomical Observatory of Japan, Osawa 2-21-1, Mitaka, Tokyo 181-8588, Japan</mods:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Japon</country><wicri:regionArea>Division of Optical and IR Astronomy, National Astronomical Observatory of Japan, Osawa 2-21-1, Mitaka, Tokyo 181-8588</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Wood, Peter R" sort="Wood, Peter R" uniqKey="Wood P" first="Peter R." last="Wood">Peter R. Wood</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><mods:affiliation>Research School of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Australian National University, Cotter Road, Weston Creek, ACT 2611, Australia</mods:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Australie</country><wicri:regionArea>Research School of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Australian National University, Cotter Road, Weston Creek, ACT 2611</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Van Loon, Jacco Th" sort="Van Loon, Jacco Th" uniqKey="Van Loon J" first="Jacco Th." last="Van Loon">Jacco Th. Van Loon</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Astrophysics Group, School of Physical & Geographical Sciences, Keele University, Staffordshire ST5 5BG</mods:affiliation><wicri:noCountry code="subField">5BG</wicri:noCountry></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Harris, G J" sort="Harris, G J" uniqKey="Harris G" first="G. J." last="Harris">G. J. Harris</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><mods:affiliation>Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT</mods:affiliation><orgName type="university">University College de Londres</orgName><country>Royaume-Uni</country><placeName><settlement type="city">Londres</settlement><region type="country">Angleterre</region><region type="région" nuts="1">Grand Londres</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Blommaert, J A D L" sort="Blommaert, J A D L" uniqKey="Blommaert J" first="J. A. D. L." last="Blommaert">J. A. D. L. Blommaert</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><mods:affiliation>Instituut voor Sterrenkunde, K.U. Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200 D, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium</mods:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Belgique</country><wicri:regionArea>Instituut voor Sterrenkunde, K.U. Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200 D, B-3001 Leuven</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hony, S" sort="Hony, S" uniqKey="Hony S" first="S." last="Hony">S. Hony</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><mods:affiliation>CEA, DSM, DAPNIA, Service d'Astrophysique, C.E. Saclay, F-91191 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France</mods:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>CEA, DSM, DAPNIA, Service d'Astrophysique, C.E. Saclay, F-91191 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Groenewegen, M A T" sort="Groenewegen, M A T" uniqKey="Groenewegen M" first="M. A. T." last="Groenewegen">M. A. T. Groenewegen</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><mods:affiliation>Instituut voor Sterrenkunde, K.U. Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200 D, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium</mods:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Belgique</country><wicri:regionArea>Instituut voor Sterrenkunde, K.U. Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200 D, B-3001 Leuven</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Feast, M W" sort="Feast, M W" uniqKey="Feast M" first="M. W." last="Feast">M. W. Feast</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><mods:affiliation>Department of Astronomy, University of Cape Town, 7701 Rondebosch, South Africa</mods:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Afrique du Sud</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Astronomy, University of Cape Town, 7701 Rondebosch</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Whitelock, P A" sort="Whitelock, P A" uniqKey="Whitelock P" first="P. A." last="Whitelock">P. A. Whitelock</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><mods:affiliation>Department of Astronomy, University of Cape Town, 7701 Rondebosch, South Africa</mods:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Afrique du Sud</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Astronomy, University of Cape Town, 7701 Rondebosch</wicri:regionArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><mods:affiliation>South African Astronomical Observatory, PO Box 9, 7935 Observatory, South Africa</mods:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Afrique du Sud</country><wicri:regionArea>South African Astronomical Observatory, PO Box 9, 7935 Observatory</wicri:regionArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><mods:affiliation>NASSP, Department of Mathematics & Applied Mathematics, University of Cape Town, 7701 Rondebosch, South Africa</mods:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Afrique du Sud</country><wicri:regionArea>NASSP, Department of Mathematics & Applied Mathematics, University of Cape Town, 7701 Rondebosch</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Menzies, J W" sort="Menzies, J W" uniqKey="Menzies J" first="J. W." last="Menzies">J. W. Menzies</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><mods:affiliation>Department of Astronomy, University of Cape Town, 7701 Rondebosch, South Africa</mods:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Afrique du Sud</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Astronomy, University of Cape Town, 7701 Rondebosch</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Cioni, M R" sort="Cioni, M R" uniqKey="Cioni M" first="M.-R." last="Cioni">M.-R. Cioni</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><mods:affiliation>Institute for Astronomy, University of Edinburgh, Royal Observatory, Blackford Hill, Edinburgh EH9 3HJ</mods:affiliation><orgName type="university">Université d'Édimbourg</orgName><country>Royaume-Uni</country><placeName><settlement type="city">Édimbourg</settlement><region type="country">Écosse</region></placeName></affiliation></author></analytic><monogr></monogr><series><title level="j">Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society</title><title level="j" type="abbrev">Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society</title><idno type="ISSN">0035-8711</idno><idno type="eISSN">1365-2966</idno><imprint><publisher>Blackwell Publishing Ltd</publisher><pubPlace>Oxford, UK</pubPlace><date type="published" when="2007-04-11">2007-04-11</date><biblScope unit="volume">376</biblScope><biblScope unit="issue">3</biblScope><biblScope unit="page" from="1270">1270</biblScope><biblScope unit="page" to="1284">1284</biblScope></imprint><idno type="ISSN">0035-8711</idno></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc><seriesStmt><idno type="ISSN">0035-8711</idno></seriesStmt></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract">We present Spitzer Space Telescope spectroscopic observations of 14 carbon-rich asymptotic giant branch (AGB) stars in the Small Magellanic Cloud (SMC). SiC dust is seen in most of the carbon-rich stars but it is weak compared to Large Magellanic Cloud (LMC) stars. The SiC feature is strong only for stars with significant dust excess, opposite to what is observed for Galactic stars. We argue that in the SMC, SiC forms at lower temperature than graphite dust, whereas in the Galaxy SiC and graphite condensate at more comparable temperatures. Dust input into the interstellar medium by AGB stars consists mostly of carbonaceous dust, with little SiC or silicate dust. Only the two coolest stars show a 30-μm band due to MgS dust. We suggest that this is due to the fact that, in the SMC, mass-losing AGB stars generally have low circumstellar (dust) optical depth and therefore effective heating of dust by the central star does not allow temperatures below the 650 K necessary for MgS to exist as a solid. Gas phase C2H2 bands are stronger in the SMC than in the LMC or Galaxy. This is attributed to an increasing C/O ratio at low metallicity. We present a colour–colour diagram based on Spitzer InfraRed Array Camera (IRAC) and Multiband Imaging Photometer for Spitzer (MIPS) colours to discriminate between O- and C-rich stars. We show that AGB stars in the SMC become carbon stars early in the thermal-pulsing AGB evolution, and remain optically visible for ∼6 × 105 yr. For the LMC, this lifetime is ∼3 × 105 yr. The superwind phase traced with Spitzer lasts for ∼104 yr. Spitzer spectra of a K supergiant and a compact H ii region are also given.</div></front></TEI></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
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